1960

Transportation in 1960 By Olivia Smith

The 1960's saw the American automobile industry consolidating into the Big Three : ( [|Designer Replica Wallets], [|Ford] , and [|Chrysler] ) and American Motors. These firms not only dominated the domestic market with the [|sales] of the 1960s cars, but the global market as well. In 1960 American companies built 93 percent of the autos sold in the United States and 48 percent of world sales.






 * // Political Events in the 1960’s //**

When Fidel Castro over took Cuba the U.S. broke off all reactions with Cuba. Castro seized American property, the CIA attacked Cuba ill-fated mission at the Bay of Pigs. In 1962 a spy plane spotted long range missiles in Cuba. President JFK sent troops to invade Cuba but Russia was ready to fire missiles at U.S. cities if they invaded. In 1963 President JFK was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald his vice president Lyndon B. Johnson took office, the following year he was reelected the following year. To prevent communism North Vietnam invaded South Vietnam the U.S. first sent military advisors then troops. It was a secret war until 1965 when there massive troop buildups were ordered to end the conflict. The draft was started and anti-war protest started all over the country. College students organized anti-war protests and draft dodgers fled to Canada, and there were reports of soldiers reflected the growing disrespect for authority, shooting their officers rather than follow orders.

**Fidel Castro** //Cuban revolutionary and prime minister// Dictator of Cuba for almost fifty years On 26 July 1953, Fidel Castro led about 150 men in an attack on Moncada barracks, the strongest garrison of [|Fulgencio Batista]. Batista was Cuba's dictator then, with friendly relations with the US government. Dozens of Castro's men were killed in battle, and Fidel was charged with treason. At his trial, he delivered an impassioned two-hour closing argument that was widely but clandestinely circulated under the title //History will absolve me!// It was a kangaroo trial, and Castro was sentenced to 15 years in prison, but a public groundswell called out for amnesty, and Castro was released in 1955. After a brief period of exile in Mexico, Castro's triumphant return came in 1959, when his next attempt at revolution succeeded. The brutal Batista government was overthrown, and replaced by the brutal Castro government. Castro called himself Prime Minister from 1959-76, and then called himself President, though the change was superficial and he was always utterly autocratic. After intestinal surgery in July 2006, he was rarely seen in public. He temporarily ceded power to his brother, [|Raúl Castro], on 31 July 2006, and formally stepped down as President on 19 February 2008.

 John Fitzgerald Kennedy, known as JFK, was born in Brookline, Massachusetts on May 29, 1917. His father, Joseph Kennedy, Sr., was a wealthy investor and a demanding father who expected his sons to be politically ambitious. When JFK was ten, his family moved to New York, and when it came time to enter high school, he was sent to Choate, a prestigious Connecticut boarding school. He became very popular with his peers there, but managed only mediocre grades. He had a similar experience at Harvard, which he attended between 1936 and 1940, while his father was serving as Ambassador to Great Britain and the tensions in Europe that would eventually lead to World War II mounted. In correspondence to the U.S., Joe Sr. advocated support for the British policy of appeasing Hitler so as to avoid a second world war. On a personal level, JFK felt continuously overshadowed by his older brother, Joseph Kennedy, Jr., who was regarded as their father's favorite. World War II broke out despite the practice of appeasement, and America entered the war after Japan bombed Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, "a date which will live in infamy," as Franklin Delano Roosevelt described it. JFK joined the Navy, where he eventually became the captain of a PT boat in the South Pacific. He became a hero for saving his crew after his boat was rammed by a Japanese destroyer in August 1943. A year later, however, his brother Joe Jr. was killed flying a mission over Europe. When the war ended in 1945, JFK became the vehicle for his father's ambitions. Backed by Joseph Sr.'s immense financial and political clout, JFK was elected to the House of Representatives from Massachusetts in November 1946. He served in the House for six years, during which time the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union came to dominate world politics. At home, paranoia about Communism enabled a maverick Senator from Wisconsin named Joseph McCarthy to conduct witch hunts for Communists and Communist sympathizers, a practice that became known as "McCarthyism." JFK was frequently ill during these years. He was diagnosed with Addison's Disease, a potentially fatal condition, in 1948, but cortisone treatments enabled him to fight the disease, and his condition was never revealed to the general public.In 1952, JFK ran successfully for the U.S. Senate from Massachusetts, in a year that saw Dwight Eisenhower elected president. The next year JFK married Jacqueline Bouvier, a beautiful and cultured young woman who would become one of the most famous First Ladies in history. JFwas now one of the Democratic Party's rising stars. He spent 1955 and 1956 writing //Profiles in Courage//  (evidence suggests, however, that JFK's speechwriter, Theodore Sorensen, actually wrote much of the book), which was a best-seller and won a 1957 Pulitzer Prize. In 1956, JFK was nearly selected a the Democrats' Vice-Presidential candidate. Four years later, with the end of Eisenhower's second term, JFK's time had come: he won the 1960 Democratic nomination and defeated Richard Nixon for the presidency. Early in his presidency, JFK butted heads with the Soviet Union and its volatile leader, Nikita Khrushchev. After a U.S.-backed invasion of communist Cuba in April 1961 ended in disaster at the Bay of Pigs, Khrushchev concluded that JFK's administration was weak. In autumn 1962, the Soviet Union began shipping nuclear missiles to Cuba, where they could be aimed at the United States from just a few hundred miles away. When JFK found out about these missiles, he imposed a naval quarantine on Cuba and pondered an invasion. For two weeks, the world was on the edge of nuclear war, until Khrushchev finally agreed to remove the missiles, ending the crisis.Within the larger context of the fight against Communism, which played such a large role in defining American rhetoric and policy throughout the 1950s and 1960's, JFK increasingly involved the U.S. in a struggle to defend democratic South Vietnam against Communist North Vietnam. This confrontation would eventually escalate into the Vietnam War, one of the least successful and most costly military campaigns in U.S. history.

** Richard Nixon ** -Reconciliation was the first goal set by President Richard M. Nixon. The Nation was painfully divided, with turbulence in the cities and war overseas. During his Presidency, Nixon succeeded in ending American fighting in Viet Nam and improving relations with the U.S.S.R. and China. But the Watergate scandal brought fresh divisions to the country and ultimately led to his resignation.His election in 1968 had climaxed a career unusual on two counts: his early success and his comeback after being defeated for President in 1960 and for Governor of California in 1962.Born in California in 1913, Nixon had a brilliant record at Whittier College and Duke University Law School before beginning the practice of law. In 1940, he married Patricia Ryan; they had two daughters, Patricia (Tricia) and Julie. During World War II, Nixon served as a Navy lieutenant commander in the Pacific.On leaving the service, he was elected to Congress from his California district. In 1950, he won a Senate seat. Two years later, General Eisenhower selected Nixon, age 39, to be his running mate.As Vice President, Nixon took on major duties in the Eisenhower Administration. Nominated for President by acclamation in 1960, he lost by a narrow margin to John F. Kennedy. In 1968, he again won his party's nomination, and went on to defeat Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey and third-party candidate George C. Wallace.His accomplishments while in office included revenue sharing, the end of the draft, new anticrime laws, and a broad environmental program. As he had promised, he appointed Justices of conservative philosophy to the Supreme Court. One of the most dramatic events of his first term occurred in 1969, when American astronauts made the first moon landing.Some of his most acclaimed achievements came in his quest for world stability. During visits in 1972 to Beijing and Moscow, he reduced tensions with China and the U.S.S.R. His summit meetings with Russian leader Leonid I. Brezhnev produced a treaty to limit strategic nuclear weapons. In January 1973, he announced an accord with North Viet Nam to end American involvement in Indochina. In 1974, his Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, negotiated disengagement agreements between Israel and its opponents, Egypt and Syria.In his 1972 bid for office, Nixon defeated Democratic candidate George McGovern by one of the widest margins on record.Within a few months, his administration was embattled over the so-called "Watergate" scandal, stemming from a break-in at the offices of the Democratic National Committee during the 1972 campaign. The break-in was traced to officials of the Committee to Re-elect the President. A number of administration officials resigned; some were later convicted of offenses connected with efforts to cover up the affair. Nixon denied any personal involvement, but the courts forced him to yield tape recordings which indicated that he had, in fact, tried to divert the investigation.As a result of unrelated scandals in Maryland, Vice President Spiro T. Agnew resigned in 1973. Nixon nominated, and Congress approved, House Minority Leader Gerald R. Ford as Vice President.Faced with what seemed almost certain impeachment, Nixon announced on August 8, 1974, that he would resign the next day to begin "that process of healing which is so desperately needed in America."In his last years, Nixon gained praise as an elder statesman. By the time of his death on April 22, 1994, he had written numerous books on his experiences in public life and on foreign policy.

Google doc's: google presentation for the 1960's [] []

**TELEVISION**


 * Expansion and maturation for television with the addition of a few exciting new technologies like satellite delivery of programming.
 * At the start of this period, color television had been introduced but there was not alot of color programming. By 1967, most network programming was in color.
 *  The TELSTAR Satellite  was the first  transatlantic reception of television programmed in 1962.  TELSTAR was launched from the Kennedy Space Center on July 10th. In 1961 an agreement between AT&T, Bell Labs, NASA, The British Post Office, and The French National Post Office set effords to develop two mobilr telecommunication statellites.
 * The 1960's saw a big technological change: Video Tape arrived, and viewers began seeing their News in color.


 * Popular TV shows:**


 * Article Title || Hits ||
 * The Munster’s || 4814 ||
 * The Twilight Zone || 3835 ||
 * I Dream Of Jeannie || 4158 ||
 * Hogan's Heroes || 4328 ||
 * Gun smoke || 4770 ||
 * Green Acres || 5326 ||
 * Gomer Pyle U.S.M.C || 3429 ||
 * Gilligan's Island || 5805 ||
 * Flipper || 3591 ||
 * The Dick Van Dyke Show || 3711 ||
 * Bewitched || 4731 ||
 * Batman || 6674 ||
 * The Avengers || 4397 ||
 * The Andy Griffith Show || 5835 ||
 * The Addams Family || 8795 ||

Top tens songs in the 1960  1. **Wipe Out** - The Surfaris <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 16px;"> 2. **In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida** - Iron Butterfly <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 16px;"> 3. **Do You Love Me** - The Contours <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 16px;"> 4. **Venus** - Shocking Blue <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 16px;"> 5. **The Girl From Ipanema** - Stan Getz & Astrud Gilberto <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 16px;"> 6. **Gimme Gimme Good Lovin'** - Crazy Elephant <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 16px;"> 7. **Wooly Bully** - Sam the Sham & the Pharaohs <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 16px;"> 8. **Hot Rod Lincoln** - Johnny Bond <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 16px;"> 9. **Nobody But Me** - The Human Beinz <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 16px;"> 10. **Money (That's What I Want)** - Barrett Strong


 * // Alone With Dion // - [|Dion DiMucci]
 * // [|At Newport] // - [|Muddy Waters]
 * // [|Around Midnight] // - [|Julie London]
 * // Bill Haley & The Comets // - [|Bill Haley & His Comets]
 * // Bill Haley's Jukebox // - Bill Haley & His Comets
 * // Bo Diddley In the Spotlight // - [|Bo Diddley]
 * // Bo Diddley Is a Gunslinger // - Bo Diddley
 * // Boss Tenor // - [|Gene Ammons]
 * // [|Broadway Playbill] // - [|The Hi-Lo's]
 * // [|Change of the Century] // - [|Ornette Coleman]
 * // [|Ella in Berlin: Mack the Knife] // - [|Ella Fitzgerald]
 * // [|Ella Fitzgerald Sings Songs from Let No Man Write My Epitaph] // - Ella Fitzgerald
 * // [|Elvis Is Back!] // - [|Elvis Presley]
 * // [|Les enfants du Pirée] // - [|Dalida]
 * // [|Everything Goes!!!] // - [|The Four Lads]



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Google doc's: []

Inventions

[] [] <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; text-align: left;">
 * Automated Teller Machine (ATM): ** Invented in 1967 by John Shepherd-Barron
 * The Computer Mouse: ** Invented in 1963 by Douglas Engelbart

**Fashion,**
by Breanna Beins



The 1960s featured a number of diverse trends. It was a decade that broke with many fashion traditions that mirrored social movements during the period. In the middle of the decade, culottes, box-shaped PVC dresses and go-go boots were in style. The widely popular bikini came into fashion in 1963 after being featured in the musical //Beach Party//.

Mary Quant invented the mini-skirt, and Jackie Kennedy produced the pillbox hat, which became extremely popular throughout the 1960s. Blues, greens, and shimmery eye shadows were popular; false eyelashes were used, and hairstyles were a variety of lengths and styles. While focusing on colors and tones, accessories were less of an importance during the sixties. People were dressing in psychedelic prints, highlighter colors, and mismatched patterns. The hippie movement late in the decade also exerted a strong influence on ladies' clothing styles, including bell-bottom jeans, tie-dye, and batik fabrics, as well as paisley prints.

In 1964, Bell-bottomed trousers were a new alternative to the capris of the early 1960s. They were usually worn with chiffon blouses, polo-necked ribbed sweaters or tops that bared the midriff. The look of corsets, seemed tights, and skirts covering the knees had been abolished. The idea of buying urbanized clothing, which could be worn with separate pieces, was intriguing to women of this era in comparison to previously only buying specific outfits for certain occasions. False eyelashes were in vogue, as was pale lipstick. Hemlines kept rising, and by 1968 they had reached well above mid-thigh. These were known as "micro-minis". This was when the "angel dress" made its appearance on the fashion scene. A micro-mini dress with a flared skirt and long, wide trumpet sleeves, it was usually worn with patterned tights, and was often made of crocheted lace, velvet, chiffon or sometimes cotton with a psychedelic print such as those designed by Emilio Pucci. The cowled-neck "monk dress" was another religion-inspired alternative; the cowl could be pulled up to be worn over the head. For daytime outerwear, short plastic raincoats, colourful swing coats and dyed fake-furs were popular for young women. In 1967, the Nehru jacket arrived on the fashion scene, and was worn by both sexes. Suits were very diverse in color but were for the first time ever, fitted and very sliming. Waistlines for women were left unmarked and hemlines were getting shorter and shorter. Footwear for women included low-heeled sandals and kitten-heeled pumps, as well as the trendy white go-go boots. Shoes, boots, and handbags were often made of patent leather or vinyl. The Beatles wore elastic-sided boots similar to Winkle-pickers with pointed toes and Cuban heels. These were known as "Beatle boots" and were widely copied by young men in Britain. Head coverings changed dramatically towards the end of the decade as men's hats went out of style, replaced by the bandanna, if anything at all. As men let their hair grow long, the Afro became the hairstyle of choice for African Americans. Mop-top hairstyles were most popular for white and Hispanic men, beginning as a short version around 1963 through 1964, developing into a longer style worn during 1965-66, eventually evolving into an unkempt hippie version worn during the 1967-69 period which continued in the early 1970s. Facial hair, evolving in its extremity from simply having longer sideburns, to mustaches and goatees, to full-grown beards became popular with young men from 1966 onwards. Women's hair styles ranged from beehive hairdos in the early part of the decade to the very short styles just five years later to a very long straight style as popularized by the hippies in the late 1960s. Between these extremes, the chin-length contour cut and the pageboy were also popular. The pillbox hat was fashionable.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">The '60s also gave birth to the skinny jean, The late 1960 produced a style categorized of people whom promoted sexual liberation and favored a type of politics reflecting “peace, love and freedom”. Ponchos, moccasins, love beads, peace signs, medallion necklaces, chain belts, polka dot-printed fabrics, and long, pu<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">ffed "bubble" sleeves were additional trends in the late 1960s.